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Recall the reactions (including reagents and conditions) by which alkenes can be produced: (a) elimination of HX from a halogenoalkane by ethanolic NaOH and heat; (b) dehydration of an alcohol, using a heated catalyst (e.g. Al₂O₃) or a concentrated acid (e.g. concentrated H₂SO₄); (c) cracking of a longer-chain alkane.
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Describe the following reactions of alkenes: (a) the electrophilic addition of (i) hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction, H₂(g) with Pt/Ni catalyst and heat, (ii) steam, H₂O(g) with H₃PO₄ catalyst, (iii) a hydrogen halide, HX(g), at room temperature, (iv) a halogen, X₂; (b) oxidation by cold dilute acidified KMnO₄ to form the diol; (c) oxidation by hot concentrated acidified KMnO₄, which breaks the carbon–carbon double bond, and using the identities of the products to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules; (d) addition polymerisation, as exemplified by the reactions of ethene and propene.
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Describe the use of aqueous bromine to show the presence of a C=C bond.
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Describe the mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes, using bromine with ethene and hydrogen bromide with propene as examples.
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Describe and explain the inductive effects of alkyl groups on the stability of the primary, secondary and tertiary cations formed during electrophilic addition, and use this to explain Markovnikov addition.
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