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Recall the reactions by which carboxylic acids can be produced: (a) oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or acidified KMnO₄ and refluxing; (b) hydrolysis of nitriles with dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification; (c) hydrolysis of esters with dilute acid or dilute alkali and heat followed by acidification.
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Describe: (a) the redox reaction with reactive metals to produce a salt and H₂(g); (b) the neutralisation reaction with alkalis to produce a salt and H₂O(l); (c) the acid–base reaction with carbonates to produce a salt, H₂O(l) and CO₂(g); (d) esterification with alcohols with concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst; (e) reduction by LiAlH₄ to form a primary alcohol.
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