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Describe the chemistry of arenes as exemplified by the following reactions of benzene and methylbenzene: (a) substitution reactions with Cl₂ and with Br₂ in the presence of a catalyst, AlCl₃ or AlBr₃, to form halogenoarenes (aryl halides); (b) nitration with a mixture of concentrated HNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄ at a temperature between 25 °C and 60 °C; (c) Friedel–Crafts alkylation by CH₃Cl and AlCl₃ and heat; (d) Friedel–Crafts acylation by CH₃COCl and AlCl₃ and heat; (e) complete oxidation of the side-chain using hot alkaline KMnO₄ and then dilute acid to give a benzoic acid; (f) hydrogenation of the benzene ring using H₂ and Pt/Ni catalyst and heat to form a cyclohexane ring.
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Describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in arenes: (a) as exemplified by the formation of nitrobenzene and bromobenzene; (b) with regard to the effect of delocalisation (aromatic stabilisation) of electrons in arenes, to explain why substitution predominates over addition.
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Predict whether halogenation will occur in the side-chain or in the aromatic ring of arenes, depending on the reaction conditions.
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Describe that, in the electrophilic substitution of arenes, different substituents direct to different ring positions (limited to the directing effects of –NH₂, –OH, –R, –NO₂, –COOH and –COR).
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