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Recall the reactions (reagents and conditions) by which phenol can be produced: (a) reaction of phenylamine with HNO₂, or NaNO₂ and dilute acid, below 10 °C to produce the diazonium salt, followed by further warming of the diazonium salt with H₂O to give phenol.
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Recall the chemistry of phenol, as exemplified by the following reactions: (a) with bases, for example NaOH(aq), to produce sodium phenoxide; (b) with Na(s) to produce sodium phenoxide and H₂(g); (c) with diazonium salts in NaOH(aq) to give azo compounds; (d) nitration of the aromatic ring with dilute HNO₃(aq) at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol; (e) bromination of the aromatic ring with Br₂(aq) to form 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
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Explain the acidity of phenol.
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Describe and explain the relative acidities of water, phenol and ethanol.
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Explain why the reagents and conditions for the nitration and bromination of phenol are different from those for benzene.
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Recall that the hydroxyl group of a phenol directs to the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.
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Apply knowledge of the reactions of phenol to those of other phenolic compounds, e.g. naphthol.
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